What is Primary Storage or Internal memory and Explain ? And Different types of Primary Storage or Internal Memory ?

What is Primary Storage or Internal memory and Explain ? And Different types of Primary Storage or Internal Memory ?


Primary Storage or Internal Memory, is computer memory that is accessible to the central processing unit of a computer without the use of computer input|output channels. Primary storage is used to store data that is likely to be in active use. Primary storage is typically very fast, as in the case of RAM. RAM is also volatile, losing the stored information in an events of power loss, and quite expensive. ROM is not volatile but is suited to storage of large quantities of data because it is expensive to produce. Typically, ROM must also be completed erased before it can be written.

MODERN PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES INCLUDE

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY ( RAM) : RAM is a type of data store used in computers that allows the stored data to br accessed in any order - thast is  Random , not just in sequence. In contrast,  other types of memory device can access data on the storage medium only in a predetermined order due to constraints in their mechanical desigm.
It costd practically the same time to access any piece of data stored on a RAM chip. In contrast, disks and the like need a short time to retrieve a piece of data if it happens to be close to the current position of the read head, and a long time if the data is far away and the head needs to be repositioned considerably.

READ ONLY MEMORY ( ROM) : ROM is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because it cannot be written to, its main uses lie in the distribution of firmware. 
 Modern semiconductor ROMs typically take the shape of IC packages. ''computers chips'' not immediately distinguishable from other chips like RAMs but for the text printed on the chips. ''ROM'' in its strictest sence can only be read from, but all ROMs allow data to be written into them at least once,  

Explain The Different Computer Generation

The Computer Generation

''Generation'' in Computer refers to periodical technology advancement. It provide a framework for the growth of the computer industry. Formally the term 'Generation' was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies. But now days it has extended to include both the hardware and software that make up a computer system.

FEATURES OF DIFFERENT GENERATION COMPUTERS 

FIRST GENERATION

VACUUM TUBE   ( 1940-1956)

Vacuum Tube were the only electronic computers available during those days. Vacuume Tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of that time.

SECOND GENERATION

TRANSISTOR    ( 1956-1963) 

Smaller  in size as compared to first generation computers. These comp[uters  were able to reduce required computational times from milliseconds microseconds. 


THIRD GENERATION 

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT  (1964-1971)

Smaller in size as compared first generation computers, low heat generated IC chiops than second generation computers. These computers were able to reduce computational times from microseconds to nanno seconds.


FOURTH GENERATION 

MICRO CHIPS (1971-PRESENT)

Smaller in size because of high component density. No air conditioning than previous gener5ations. minimum labor and cost involved at assembly stage.

FIFTH GENERATION

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  ( PRESENT AND BEYOND)

Previous generations had formed on increming number of logic elements in a single CPU. where asin this generating the main focus was to increases the system performance by margine numbers of CPU.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

Computers have some significant characteristics for which they have become more and more versatile day by day. They have several capabilities and some limitation which are as follows: 

Capabilities

1. SPEED : A computers works one step at a time. it can add and subtract numbers, compare letters to determine alphabetic sequence, and move and copy number and letters. Computers can carry out instructions in less than millionth of a second. it speeds are mesured in mili, micro, nano and pico.

2. ACCURACY  : In addition to being very fast, Computers can also calculate very accurately. The circuits in a computer have no mechanical parts to wear and malfunction. Performing their thousands of millionths of operation send these circuits can run errorless for day at a time, if mistake occure in any calculation, they are due to human error like feeding wrong data and instruction given to nthe Computers.

3. REPETITIVENESS : A computers are capable of performing any task given to them repetitively. If any calculation has to be done a Million times a computers will do so with the same speed and accuracy without halting in between.

4. AUTOMATICITY : A computers is autonatic. Once we give approriate instruction to a computers it perform all the necessary tasks untill it meets the 'STOP' instruction.

5. STORAGE CAPACITY  :  computers has the capability to store large amount of data and instruction and supply the store information to us when we ask for it. The secondary storage deviced like Magnetic taps. are used to store data and information, 

6. VERSATILITY  :  Computers seems capable of performing almost anything provide that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.  

What is a elements of Computers system ?

What is a elements of Computers system ? 

Computers can be classified into two categories. 

(a)  Classification according to the Logic units.

(b)  Classification according to  Size.

Classification according to the Logic Units.

Analog Computeres
These computers  recognize data as a continuous measurement of a Physical property. Their output is usually in the form of reading on dials or graphs. Voltage, P[ressure, speed and temperature are some physical properties that can be measured in this way.

Example
(a) A services Station gasonline pump contain an analog processor that connects fuel flow measurement into quality and price values. 
(b) Automobile speed meter, etc.


DigitaL Computers 

These are high speed programmable electronic device that perform Mathematical calculation compare value and store the results. They recognize data by counting discrete signals representimg either a high { on } or low {  Off } voltage state of state  of electronic. Numbers, alphabets and special sysbols can all be reduced to representation by 1s and 0s.  

example

(a) Personal Computers

(b) Score board that directly counts discrete value such as the time left to play and the score of each team.


Hybrid computers

Hybrid Computers combine the beast features of analog and Digital computers. They have the speed of analog computers and the accuracy of the digital computers. They are usually used for special problems in which input data derived from measurements are converted into digits and processed by computers. 



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What is Computer ? - Computers Knowledge

What is Computer ?

 A computer is a electronic machine for storing and manipulating data according to a program,algorithem or list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers. Today, computers can be made small enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from batter. Society has come to recognize personal computers and their portable equivalent, the laptop computer, as icons of the information age, they are what most people think of as '' a computers'' . However , the most common form of computers in use today is by far the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are often used to control other devices -- For example, thet may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital camera, and even children's toys.


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